APPENDICES

Aus Display Documentation in German

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Version vom 09:31, 20. Jun. 2008

8.1 The Classification Scheme

The Danish classification, used since 1996, is the base of the Display® classification schemes. So far the Danish scheme, taking into account a building typology, is the only classification all over Europe.
By increasing the number of registered buildings in the different types and considering the recommendations of the CEN (Normalization European Comity), an iterative approach allowed to adjust the classification schemes after the first 6 test months.
Furthermore, the classification scheme will take into account the information provided by the Concerted Action, a working group composed of representatives from nearly all EU member states. The objective of the CA working group is the harmonisation of the implementation of the Energy Performance of Buildings Directive.
Currently, 11 types of buildings can be classified. The classification scheme could change in the future.

Classification scheme for the primary energy ratio:

Class	Day nursery / Kindergarten	General school	Professional school	Administrative	Swimming pool	Sports hall	Depot	Social Cultural	Health Centre	Rescue Centre	Multi residential
A	75 ≤ X	75 ≤ X	75 ≤ X	X ≤ 75	X ≤ 500	X ≤ 75	X ≤ 250	X ≤ 75	X ≤ 250	X ≤ 100	X ≤ 50
B	75 < X ≤ 145	75 < X ≤ 140	75 < X ≤ 145	75 < X ≤ 140	500 < X ≤ 2000	75 < X ≤ 150	250 < X ≤ 350	75 < X ≤ 160	250 < X ≤ 350	100 < X ≤ 140	50 < X ≤ 100
C	145< X ≤ 215	140 < X ≤ 205	145< X ≤ 215	140 < X ≤ 205	2000 < X ≤ 3500	150 < X ≤ 225	350 < X ≤ 450	160 < X ≤ 245	350 < X ≤ 450	140 < X ≤ 180	100 < X ≤ 150
D	215 < X ≤ 285	205 < X ≤ 270	215 < X ≤ 285	205 < X ≤ 270	3500 < X ≤ 5000	225 < X ≤ 300	450 < X ≤ 550	245 < X ≤ 330	450 < X ≤ 550	180 < X ≤ 220	150 < X ≤ 200
E	285 < X ≤ 355	270 < X ≤ 335	285 < X ≤ 355	270 < X ≤ 335	5000 < X ≤ 6500	300 < X ≤ 375	550 < X ≤ 650	330 < X ≤ 415	550< X ≤ 650	220 < X ≤ 260	200 < X ≤ 250
F	355 < X ≤ 425	335 < X ≤ 400	355 < X ≤ 425	335 < X ≤ 400	6500 < X ≤ 8000	375 < X ≤ 450	650 < X ≤ 750	415 < X ≤ 500	650 < X ≤ 750	260 < X ≤ 300	250 < X ≤ 300
G	X > 425	X > 400	X > 425	X > 400	X > 8000	X > 450	X > 750	X > 500	X > 750	X > 300	X > 300

Table 1: Classification scheme for the primary energy ratio

Classification scheme for the CO2 ratio:

Class	Day nursery / Kindergarten	General school	Professional school	Administrative	Swimming pool	Sports hall	Depot	Social-Cultural	Health centre	Rescue centre	Multi-residential
A	15 ≤ X	15 ≤ X	15 ≤ X	15 ≤ X	X ≤ 100	X ≤ 15	X ≤ 50	X ≤ 15	X ≤ 50	X ≤ 20	X ≤ 10
B	15 < X ≤ 29	15 < X ≤ 28	15 < X ≤ 29	15 < X ≤ 28	100 < X ≤ 300	15 < X ≤ 30	50 < X ≤ 70	15 < X ≤ 32	50 < X ≤ 70	20 < X ≤ 28	10 < X ≤ 20
C	29< X ≤ 43	28 < X ≤ 41	29< X ≤ 43	28 < X ≤ 41	300 < X ≤ 700	30 < X ≤ 45	70 < X ≤ 90	32 < X ≤ 49	70 < X ≤ 90	28 < X ≤ 36	20 < X ≤ 30
D	43 < X ≤ 57	41 < X ≤ 54	43 < X ≤ 57	41 < X ≤ 54	700 < X ≤ 1000	45 < X ≤ 60	70 < X ≤ 90	32 < X ≤ 49	70 < X ≤ 90	28 < X ≤ 36	20 < X ≤ 30
E	57 < X ≤ 71	54 < X ≤ 67	57 < X ≤ 71	54 < X ≤ 67	1000 < X ≤ 1300	60 < X ≤ 75	110< X ≤ 130	56 < X ≤ 73	110< X ≤ 130	44 < X ≤ 52	40 < X ≤ 50
F	71 < X ≤ 85	67 < X ≤ 80	71 < X ≤ 85	67 < X ≤ 80	1300 < X ≤ 1600	75 < X ≤ 90	130 < X ≤ 150	73 < X ≤ 90	130 < X ≤ 150	52 < X ≤ 60	50 < X ≤ 60
G	X > 85	X > 80	X > 85	X > 80	X > 1600	X > 90	X > 150	X > 90	X > 150	X > 60	X > 60

Table 3: Classification scheme for the CO2 ratio

Classification for the water ratio:
Classification scheme for the CO2 ratio:

Class	Day nursery / Kindergarten	General school	Professional school	Administrative	Swimming pool	Sports hall	Depot	Social-Cultural	Health centre	Rescue centre	Multi-residential
A	200 ≤ X	100 ≤ X	125 ≤ X	X ≤ 100	X ≤ 80	100 ≤ X	X ≤ 350	X ≤ 50	X ≤ 500	X ≤ 350	X ≤ 500
B	200 < X ≤ 350	100 < X ≤ 225	125 < X ≤ 250	100 < X ≤ 200	80 < X ≤ 125	100 < X ≤ 225	350 < X ≤ 500	50 < X ≤ 125	500 < X ≤ 750	350 < X ≤ 500	500 < X ≤ 750
C	350 < X ≤ 500	225 < X ≤ 350	250 < X ≤ 375	200 < X ≤ 300	125 < X ≤ 170	225 < X ≤ 350	500 < X ≤ 650	125 < X ≤ 200	750 < X ≤ 1000	500 < X ≤ 650	750 < X ≤ 1000
D	500 < X ≤ 650	350 < X ≤ 475	375 < X ≤ 500	300 < X ≤ 400	170 < X ≤ 215	350 < X ≤ 475	650 < X ≤ 800	200 < X ≤ 275	1000 < X ≤ 1250	650 < X ≤ 800	1000 < X ≤ 1250
E	650 < X ≤ 800	475 < X ≤ 600	500 < X ≤ 625	400 < X ≤ 500	215 < X ≤ 260	475 < X ≤ 600	800 < X ≤ 950	275 < X ≤ 350	1250 < X ≤ 1500	800 < X ≤ 950	1250 < X ≤ 1500
F	800 < X ≤ 950	600 < X ≤ 725	625 < X ≤ 750	500 < X ≤ 600	260 < X ≤ 305	600 < X ≤ 725	950 < X ≤ 1100	350 < X ≤ 425	1500 < X ≤ 1750	950 < X ≤ 1100	1500 < X ≤ 1750
G	X > 950	X > 725	X > 750	X > 600	X > 305	X > 725	X > 1100	X > 425	X > 1750	X > 1100	X > 1750

Table 5: Classification for the water ratio 2

8.2 Conversion Factors and their Sources

General conversion factors:

Energy or energy source	Type of conversion	Conversion factor	Unit
	MWh to kWh	1000	kWh/MWh
	kWh to MWh	0,001	MWh/kWh
wood (logs)	kg to kWh	4,3	kWh/kg
Wood (chips)	kg to kWh	3,3	kWh/kg
Wood(pellets)	kg to kWh	4,9	kWh/kg
Anthracite	kg to kWh	8,6	kWh/kg
Brown coal	kg to kWh	5,4	kWh/kg
Fuel oil (light)	l to kWh	10,0	kWh/l
Natural gas	m3 to kWh	10,1	kWh/m3
Natural gas	UHV to LHV	0,9
Biogas		6,0	kWh/m3
Liquified gas	m3 to kWh	26,0	kWh/m3
Liquified gas	kg to kWh	12,9	kWh/kg
Liquified gas	UHV to LHV	0,9

Table 7: General conversion factors

Conversion factors for final energy use:

Energy or energy source	Conversion factor final energy to primary energy[kWh/kWh]	Type of conversion factor	Conversion factor final energy to CO2 equivalents[kg/kWh]	Source
Natural gas	1,17	KEVnonrenewable+renewable	0,2537 GEMIS 4.3 2004	Öko-Institut
Liquified gas	1,16	KEVnonrenewable+renewable	0,2763 GEMIS 4.3 2004	Öko-Institut
Biogas	1,14	KEVnonrenewable+renewable	0,2500
Fuel oil (light)	1,19	KEVnonrenewable+renewable	0,3199 GEMIS 4.3 2004	Öko-Institut
Anthracite	1,11	KEVnonrenewable+renewable	0,4397 GEMIS 4.3 2004	Öko-Institut
Brown coal	1,25	KEVnonrenewable+renewable	0,4579 GEMIS 4.3 2004	Öko-Institut
Wood (logs)	1,04	KEVnonrenewable+renewable	0,0213 GEMIS 4.3 2004	Öko-Institut
Wood (Chips)	1,10	KEVnonrenewable+renewable	0,0268 GEMIS 4.3 2004	Öko-Institut
Wood (pellets)	1,13	KEVnonrenewable+renewable	0,0349 GEMIS 4.3 2004	Öko-Institut
Solar Thermal collector	1,17	KEVnonrenewable+renewable	0,0479 GEMIS 4.3 2004	Öko-Institut

Table 8: Conversion factors for final energy use

Conversion factors for generation of electricity (average national electricity production):

Country code	Conversion factor final energy to primary energy[kWh/kWh]	Type of conversion factor	Conversion factor final energy to CO2 equivalents[kg/kWh]	Source
AT	1,69	KEVnonrenewable+renewable	0,2388 GEMIS 4.3 2004	Öko-Institut
BE	3,26	KEVnonrenewable+renewable	0,3102 GEMIS 4.3 2004	Öko-Institut
CY	3,37	KEVnonrenewable+renewable	0,9470 GEMIS 4.3 2004	Öko-Institut
CZ	3,01	KEVnonrenewable+renewable	0,9076 GEMIS 4.3 2004	Öko-Institut
DE	2,90	KEVnonrenewable+renewable	0,6249 GEMIS 4.3 2004	Öko-Institut
DK	2,56	KEVnonrenewable+renewable	0,6787 GEMIS 4.3 2004	Öko-Institut
EE	2,85	KEVnonrenewable+renewable	1,0113 GEMIS 4.3 2004	Öko-Institut
ES	2,59	KEVnonrenewable+renewable	0,4914 GEMIS 4.3 2004	Öko-Institut
FI	3,36	KEVnonrenewable+renewable	0,4022 GEMIS 4.3 2004	Öko-Institut
FR	3,32	KEVnonrenewable+renewable	0,1080 GEMIS 4.3 2004	Öko-Institut
GR	2,62	KEVnonrenewable+renewable	0,8812 GEMIS 4.3 2004	Öko-Institut
HU	3,59	KEVnonrenewable+renewable	0,6910 GEMIS 4.3 2004	Öko-Institut
HR
IE	2,44	KEVnonrenewable+renewable	0,7029 GEMIS 4.3 2004	Öko-Institut
IT	2,31	KEVnonrenewable+renewable	0,5633 GEMIS 4.3 2004	Öko-Institut
LT	3,68	KEVnonrenewable+renewable	0,3646 GEMIS 4.3 2004	Öko-Institut
LU	2,75	KEVnonrenewable+renewable	0,3683 GEMIS 4.3 2004	Öko-Institut
LV	2,42	KEVnonrenewable+renewable	0,4401 GEMIS 4.3 2004	Öko-Institut
MT	3,38	KEVnonrenewable+renewable	0,9491 GEMIS 4.3 2004	Öko-Institut
NL	2,69	KEVnonrenewable+renewable	0,6174 GEMIS 4.3 2004	Öko-Institut
PL	2,70	KEVnonrenewable+renewable	1,0185 GEMIS 4.3 2004	Öko-Institut
PT	2,52	KEVnonrenewable+renewable	0,6284 GEMIS 4.3 2004	Öko-Institut
SE	2,17	KEVnonrenewable+renewable	0,0758 GEMIS 4.3 2004	Öko-Institut
SI	2,47	KEVnonrenewable+renewable	0,3905 GEMIS 4.3 2004	Öko-Institut
SK	3,10	KEVnonrenewable+renewable	0,3779 GEMIS 4.3 2004	Öko-Institut
UK	2,66	KEVnonrenewable+renewable	0,5556 GEMIS 4.3 2004	Öko-Institut
NO	1,04	KEVnonrenewable+renewable	0,0145 GEMIS 4.3 2004	Öko-Institut
CH	2,06	KEVnonrenewable+renewable	0,0405 GEMIS 4.3 2004	Öko-Institut
BG	3,11	KEVnonrenewable+renewable	0,5521 GEMIS 4.3 2004	Öko-Institut
RO	2,64	KEVnonrenewable+renewable	0,6400 GEMIS 4.3 2004	Öko-Institut
TR	2,50	KEVnonrenewable+renewable	0,6142 GEMIS 4.3 2004	Öko-Institut

Table 9: Conversion factors for generation of electricity

Conversion factors for generation of electricity

(specified energy sources):

Energy or energy source	Conversion factor final energy to primary energy[kWh/kWh]	Type of conversion factor	Conversion factor final energy to CO2 equivalents[kg/kWh]	Source
monocrystalline PV cell	1,62	KEVnonrenewable+renewable	0,1660 GEMIS 4.3 2004	Öko-Institut
electricity (green, mix water 50 %/wind 50 %)	1,05	KEVnonrenewable+renewable	0,0295 GEMIS 4.3 2004	Öko-Institut

Table 10: Conversion factors for generation of electricity

Conversion factors for district heat (used by default):

Conversion factor final energy to primary energy[kWh/kWh]	Type of conversion factor	Conversion factor final energy to CO2 equivalents[kg/kWh]	Source
District heat, produced in a cogeneration plant 0,78	CEDtotal	0,24	GEMIS version 4.14 calculation made by the IWU, 2004, 70 % cogeneration
District heat, not produced in a cogeneration plant 1,49	CEDtotal	0,41	GEMIS version 4.14 calculation made by the IWU, 2004

Table 11: Conversion factors for district heat

8.3 Glossary

CO2 emission factor

The CO2 emission factor is the sum of all the CO2 emissions linked to the production and usage of a product.

CO2 emissions

To simplify the term “greenhouse gas emissions measured in kg of CO2 equivalents” the term “CO2 emissions” is used as an equivalent in this users’ guide.

CO2 equivalents

CO2 equivalents are a metric measure used to compare the emissions from various greenhouse gases based upon their global warming potential (GWP). Carbon dioxide equivalents are commonly expressed as “million metric tonnes of carbon dioxide equivalents (MMTCDE)”. The carbon dioxide equivalent for a gas is derived by multiplying the tonnes of the gas by the associated GWP. MMTCDE = (million metric tonnes of a gas) x (GWP of the gas). For example, the GWP for methane is 21 and for nitrous oxide 310. This means that emissions of one million metric tonnes of methane and nitrous oxide respectively is equivalent to emissions of 21 and 310 million metric tonnes of carbon dioxide. On the Display® poster the emissions are shown in kilogrammes of CO2 equivalents.

CO2 ratio

The CO2 ratio describes the emission of greenhouse gases expressed in CO2 equivalents per square metre of the internal gross floor area of the building and per year.

Cogeneration plant

A cogeneration plant is a thermal power station in which all the steam generated in the boilers passes to turbo-generators for electricity generation, but designed so that steam may be extracted at points on the turbine and/or from the turbine exhaust as back-pressure steam and used to supply heat.

Cumulative energy demand (CED) factor

The CED factor is defined in the German guideline VDI 4600 and is equal to the sum of all primary energy inputs of a product or a service. This contains its production, usage, and disposal. It contains not only the energy demand of the process necessary to provide a service or to produce a product but also the energy that remains in a product, e.g. the lower heating value of mineral oil in plastic products.

Cumulative energy use factor

The cumulative energy use factor describes the overall primary energy consumption which is linked with the creation or use of a product or a service, including all preproduction chains but without primary energy used as materials such as mineral oil in plastic products. Furthermore, the energy utilised for the disposal is not taken into account. Since there is not a widely used abbreviation for this factor in English so far we use the German abbreviation KEV in this users’ guide.

Efficiency

Efficiency is defined as the ratio of the energy output to the energy input of a machine.

Final energy

(also: energy supplied) Final energy is the part of the secondary energy that is available to the consumer. It equals the secondary energy less losses such as transmission and transformation losses and is finally converted into useful energy.

Greenhouse gases

Greenhouse gases are gaseous pollutants released into the atmosphere through the burning of fossil fuels and through other avenues, which amplify the greenhouse effect. The Kyoto protocol includes the following greenhouse gases: Carbon dioxide (CO2), Methane (CH4), Nitrous oxide (N2O), Hydrofluorocarbons (HFCs), Perfluorocarbons (PFCs), and Sulphur hexafluoride (SF6).

Gross internal floor area

The gross internal floor area of a building is the area measured to the internal face of the perimeter wall at each floor level. It includes areas occupied by internal walls and partitions, columns, piers and other internal projections, internal balconies, stairwells, toilets, lift lobbies, fire corridors, atria measured at base level only, and covered plant rooms. It excludes the perimeter wall thickness and external projections, external balconies and external fire escapes. Furthermore, unused areas such as unheated cellars or lofts are not included in the gross internal floor area. Its unit is m².

Lower heating value (LHV)

(also: net calorific value, lower calorific value, net heating value) The lower heating value is the total heat produced on the complete combustion of a fuel less the energy in the uncooled products of combustion. Among these is uncondensed water vapour.

Primary energy

Primary energy is the energy that has not been subjected to any conversion or transformation process. It is contained in fossil fuels and energy derived from renewable sources such as the sun, wind and waves. All the energy which we use comes from these primary sources, though very often the energy may be supplied in the form of secondary fuels such as electricity, manufactured gas, or coke.

Primary energy ratio

The primary energy ratio describes the consumption of primary energy per square metre of the internal gross floor area of the building and per year.

Secondary energy

Secondary energy is the energy produced by the conversion of primary energy, e. g. electricity, hydrogen, or petrol.
Upper heating value (UHV)

(also: gross calorific value, higher calorific value) The higher heating value of a fuel is the total heat developed after the products of a complete combustion are cooled to the original fuel temperature.

Useful energy

Useful energy is the portion of final energy which is actually available after final conversion to the consumer for the respective use. In final conversion, electricity becomes for instance light, mechanical energy or heat.

Water ratio

For the main cases, the water ratio describes the consumption of water per square metre of the internal gross floor area of the building and per year. For swimming pools, it’s more pertinent to speak about water consumption per swimmer/user.

Weather correction factor

The weather correction factor is supposed to take into account the climatic difference between the year your data is from and an average year. Please note that this factor does not take into account climatic differences between two different climatic zones.

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APPENDICES

Aus Display Documentation in German

Version vom 09:31, 20. Jun. 2008

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